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Indianapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana and the county seat of Marion County. With an estimated population of 843,393 in 2013, Indianapolis is the largest city in Indiana, second largest in the American Midwest, and 14th largest in the U.S.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18/1836003.html )〕 The Indianapolis metropolitan area is the 33rd largest metropolitan area in the U.S., with nearly 2 million inhabitants. Residents of the city are occasionally referred to as "Indianapolitans," although this archaic term is rarely used.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indianapolitan )〕 It is listed as a "high sufficiency" global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html )〕 Indianapolis has a diverse economy, relying on trade, transportation, and utilities, professional and business services, education and health services, government, retail trade, leisure and hospitality, and manufacturing.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://indychamber.com/files/8214/1763/7814/November_Economic_Briefing.pdf )〕 Three Fortune 500 companies are based in the city: Anthem Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, and Calumet Specialty Products Partners.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.geolounge.com/fortune-500-list-by-state-for-2015/ )〕 Indianapolis hosts several notable sporting events annually, including the Brickyard 400, Grand Prix of Indianapolis, NFL Scouting Combine, the largest half marathon in the U.S.,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.halfmarathons.net/indiana-oneamerica-indianapolis-500-festival-mini-marathon/ )〕 and the largest single-day sporting event in the world, the Indianapolis 500. The cars competing in the latter race are known as ''IndyCars'' as a reference to the event. As headquarters for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the city frequently hosts the Men's and Women's basketball tournaments. Indianapolis hosted Pan American Games X in 1987 and Super Bowl XLVI in 2012. Indianapolis was founded in 1821 on the White River as a planned city for the new seat of Indiana's state government. Nicknamed the ''Crossroads of America'', Indianapolis is the junction for four Interstate highways, six U.S. highways, and three state roads. Indianapolis International Airport is a major international cargo hub, ranking as the 23rd busiest airport in the world by cargo traffic in 2014. ==History== (詳細はMiami and Lenape (or Delaware) tribes, but they were displaced from the area by the early 1820s.〔 p. 1042〕 In 1820, Indianapolis was selected as the new state capital, replacing Corydon, which had served the role since the state was formed in 1816. While most American state capitals tend to be near the centers of their respective states, Indianapolis is the closest to its state's exact center. It was founded on the White River because of this, and because of the assumption that the river would serve as a major transportation artery. However, the waterway proved to be too sandy for trade. Jeremiah Sullivan, a judge of the Indiana Supreme Court, invented the name ''Indianapolis'' by joining ''Indiana'' with ''polis'', the Greek word for ''city''; Indianapolis literally means "''Indiana City''". The state commissioned Alexander Ralston to design the new capital city. Ralston was an apprentice to the French architect Pierre L'Enfant, helping with the L'Enfant Plan for Washington, D.C., Ralston's original plan for Indianapolis called for a city of only one square mile (3 km²). At the center of the city sat Governor's Circle, a large circular commons, which was to be the site of the governor's mansion. Meridian and Market Streets converge at the Circle and continue north–south and east–west, respectively. The Capital moved from Corydon on January 10, 1825. The governor's mansion was eventually demolished in 1857 and in its place stands a tall neoclassical limestone and bronze monument, the Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. The surrounding street is now known as ''Monument Circle'' or just "The Circle". The city lies on the original east–west National Road. The first railroad to serve Indianapolis, the Madison and Indianapolis, began operation on October 1, 1847, and subsequent railroad connections fostered growth. Indianapolis was the home of the country's first Union Station, or common rail passenger terminal. By the turn of the 20th century, Indianapolis had become a large automobile manufacturer, rivaling Detroit. With roads leading out of the city in all directions, Indianapolis became a major hub of regional transport connecting to Chicago, Louisville, Cincinnati, Columbus, Detroit, Cleveland, and St. Louis, befitting the capital of a state whose nickname is "The Crossroads of America". The inaugural Indianapolis 500-Mile Race was held May 30, 1911 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway, cementing the importance auto racing would have in shaping Indianapolis' economy and image. City population grew rapidly throughout the first half of the 20th century. While rapid suburbanization began to take place in the second half of the century, race relations deteriorated. Even so, on the night that Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated, Indianapolis was one of the few major cities in which rioting did not occur. Many credit the speech by Robert F. Kennedy, who was in town campaigning for President that night, for helping to calm the tensions. Racial tensions heightened in 1970 with the passage of Unigov, which further isolated the middle class from Indianapolis's growing African American community. Although Indianapolis and the state of Indiana abolished segregated schools just before ''Brown vs. Board of Education'', the later action of court-ordered school desegregation busing by Judge S. Hugh Dillin was a controversial change. In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were about 80 percent of the population.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=U.S. Census Bureau )〕 The 1970s and 1980s ushered in planning and revitalization for the urban core of Indianapolis. In 1970, the governments of the city and surrounding Marion County consolidated, merging most services into a new entity, Unigov, and enlarging the city's population and geographic area. It became the nation's 11th-largest city of the day. The City-County Building housed the newly consolidated government. At its completion, the City-County Building became the city's tallest building and the first building in the city to be taller than the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. Amid the changes in government and growth, the city's role as a transportation hub and tourist destination was strengthened in 1975, when the Weir Cook Municipal Airport was designated an international airport. In the 1970s and 1980s, Indianapolis suffered from urban decay and white flight. Major revitalization of the city's blighted areas, such as Fall Creek Place and Downtown Indianapolis, began in the 1980s and led to an acceleration of growth on the fringes of the metropolitan area. The openings of the RCA Dome, Circle Centre, and the Indianapolis Artsgarden revitalized the central business district. The city hosted the 1987 Pan American Games, with over 4,300 athletes participating from 38 countries in the Americas. The city and state have invested heavily in improvement projects such as an expansion to the Indiana Convention Center, upgrade of the I-465 beltway, and construction of an entirely new airport terminal for the Indianapolis International Airport. Construction of the Indianapolis Colts' new home, Lucas Oil Stadium, was completed in August 2008, and the hotel and convention center expansion were completed in early 2011. Both ''Forbes'' and ''Livability.com'' rank Indianapolis among the best downtowns in the United States citing "more than 200 retail shops, more than 35 hotels, nearly 300 restaurants and food options, movie theaters, sports venues, museums, art galleries and parks" as attractions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nuvo.net/NewsBlog/archives/2011/10/28/indianapolis-one-of-americas-best-downtowns )〕 In 2013, the city won Sister Cities International's 2013 Best Overall Program award for jurisdictions of population 500,000 and above. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indianapolis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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